پایان نامه بررسی تأثیر رویکرد ساختارگرا و نقش گرا بر مهارت صحبت کردن در بین زبان آموزان ایرانی

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه بررسی تأثیر رویکرد ساختارگرا و نقش گرا بر مهارت صحبت کردن در بین زبان آموزان ایرانی

فهرست:

فصل اول: کلیات

1-1 مقدمه........................................................................................................................... 2

1-2 بیان مسئله..................................................................................................................... 3

1-3 فرضیه تحقیق................................................................................................................ 4

1-4 اهداف و اهمیت تحقیق.................................................................................................. 4

1-5 تحدید و محدودیت تحقیق............................................................................................ 4

1-6 اصطلاحات کلیدی........................................................................................................ 7

1-6-1 ساختارگرا.................................................................................................. 7

1-6-2 برنامه درسی ساختاری................................................................................ 7

1-6-3 نمونه دادن / سرمشق دادن........................................................................... 7

1-6-4 مصاحبه مهارت گفتاری............................................................................... 8

1-6-5 رویکرد انسان گرایانه.................................................................................. 8

1-6-6 رویکرد ترکیبی........................................................................................... 8

1-6-7- رویکرد تجزیه ای..................................................................................... 9

1-6-8 رویکرد ارتباطی.......................................................................................... 9

1-6-9 مهارت صحبت کردن.................................................................................. 9

1-6-10 رویکرد سنتی........................................................................................... 9

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری و پیشینه تاریخی تحقیق

2-1 مقدمه.......................................................................................................................... 12

2-2 نگاه به زبان قبل از ساختارگرایان (نگرش سنتی به زبان).................................................. 13

2-2-1 صورت و معنی قبل از ساختارگرایان........................................................... 14

2-2-2 عدد دستور ی........................................................................................... 15

2-2-3 جنسیت دستور ی...................................................................................... 15

2-2-4 زمان دستور ی و غیردستور ی.................................................................... 15

2-2-5 ابدیت دستور ی و اهمیت زبان نوشتاری...................................................... 15

2-2-6 الگوگیری از مقولات زبان خارجی برای تدوین زبان مقصد........................... 16

2-2-7 آمیزش دستور در زمانی و هم زمانی............................................................ 16

2-2-8 اجزاء کلام قبل از ساختارگرایان.................................................................. 17

2-3 ساختارگرایان به زبان چگونه نگاه می کردند؟.................................................................. 17

2-3-1 ساختارگرایان و مهارت صحبت کردن......................................................... 18

2-3-2 ساختارگرایان و هم زمانی و در زمانی......................................................... 18

2-3-3 ساختارگرایان و شبکیه زبان........................................................................ 19

2-3-4 ساختارگرایان هم نشینی و جانشینی............................................................ 19

2-3-5 ساختارگرایان و جنبه فیزیک زبان............................................................... 20

2-3-6 ساختارگرایان و معنی................................................................................. 20

2-4 روش بررسی و یا تحلیل دوگانه از دیدگاه ساختارگرایان................................................. 21

2-5 سازهای پیاپی در ساختارگرایان..................................................................................... 24

2-6 نارسائی تجربه سازه در ساختارگرایان............................................................................. 25

2-7 نگاه به زبان قبل از سوسور............................................................................................ 27

2-8 تحولات ساختارگرایی بعد از سوسور............................................................................. 28

2-9 ساختارگرایان (توصیف گرایان)..................................................................................... 33

2-10 انقلاب جدید نگاه به زبان بعد از ساختارگرایان (رویکرد زایشی و چامسکی).................. 37

2-11 نگاه نقش گرایان به زبان............................................................................................. 45

2-12 نقش گرایان و گونه های کاربردی یا سیاق سخن.......................................................... 48

2-12-1 رسمی.................................................................................................... 48

2-12-2 مشروتی، صحبت یا گفتگو کردن با گروه کوچک ناشناس و غریبه............... 49

2-12-3 سبک تصادفی........................................................................................ 49

2-12-4 سبک صمیمانه........................................................................................ 49

2-12-5 سبک بسیار خشک.................................................................................. 50

2-12-6 سبک دست پا شکسته............................................................................. 50

2-13 نقش گرایان و توانش ارتباطی..................................................................................... 50

2-13-1 توانش کلامی که گاه جزئی از توانش اجتماعی- زبانی به حساب می آید یعنی

دانش چگونگی آغاز کردن و تمام کردن به مکالمه..................................................... 51

2-13-2 توانش اجتماعی زبان............................................................................... 51

2-13-3 توانش دستور ی..................................................................................... 51

2-13-4 توانش جبرانی یا راهبردی........................................................................ 51

2-14 نگاه به زبان در ایران.................................................................................................. 52

2-15 نگاه به یادگیری وا نسان............................................................................................. 54

2-15-1 نگاه به یادگیری و انسان قبل از ساختارگرایان............................................ 54

2-15-2 یادگیری از دیدگاه ساختارگرایان.............................................................. 55

2-15-3 یادگیری و روان شناسی شناختی.............................................................. 57

2-15-3-1 حافظه حسی............................................................................... 57

2-15-3-2 حافظه کوتاه مدت....................................................................... 58

2-15-3-3 حافظه بلند مدت......................................................................... 58

2-15-3-4 راهبردهای شناختی...................................................................... 61

2-15-3-5 راهبردهای فراشناختی.................................................................. 62

2-15-3-6 رده بندی کردن........................................................................... 62

2-15-3-7 یادگیری معنادار و طوطی وار....................................................... 63

2-15-3-8 دانش عملی یا عملیاتی و دانش خبری.......................................... 63

2-15-3-9 پردازش نزولی............................................................................ 64

2-15-3-10 پردازش صعودی...................................................................... 64

2-15-3-11 یادگیری پیاپی و پردازش موازی................................................ 65

2-15-3-12 یادگیری استنتاجی و یادگیری استقرایی....................................... 65

2-15-4 نگاه به یادگیری – رویکرد انسان گرایانه................................................... 66

2-16 متغیرهای مربوط به یادگیرنده...................................................................................... 69

2-16-1 سن....................................................................................................... 69

2-16-2 جنس..................................................................................................... 69

2-16-3 متغیر شناختی......................................................................................... 70

2-16-4 روش شناختی........................................................................................ 70

2-16-4-1 وابسته به میدان و ناوابسته به میدان....................................................... 71

2-16-4-2 سازش کننده و غیرسازش.................................................................... 71

2-16-4-3 جزئی نگر و کلی نگر......................................................................... 71

2-16-4-4 توانایی ذاتی و استعداد........................................................................ 72

2-16-5 راهبردهای یادگیری................................................................................. 72

2-16-6 متغیر عاطفی .......................................................................................... 73

2-16-7 متغیر اجتماعی و فرهنگی........................................................................ 75

2-17 روش آموزشی با دیدگاه زبان شناسی ساختارگرایان...................................................... 76

2-17-1 رویکرد ................................................................................................. 78

2-17-2 نظریه یادگیری ....................................................................................... 81

2-17-3 طرح درسی............................................................................................ 84

2-17-4 اهداف .................................................................................................. 84

2-17-5 برنامه درسی........................................................................................... 85

2-17-6 انواع فعالیت های یادگیری و تدریسی...................................................... 87

2-17-7 نقش زبان آموز....................................................................................... 91

2-17-8 نقش معلم.............................................................................................. 92

2-17-9 نقش مطالب آموزشی.............................................................................. 93

2-17-10 رویه.................................................................................................... 94

2-18 روش آموزشی پیش نقش گرایان................................................................................. 97

2-19 رویکرد ارتباطی....................................................................................................... 101

2-19-1 کلاس های ارتباطی............................................................................... 103

2-19-2 مواد درسی .......................................................................................... 103

2-19-3دانش آموز............................................................................................. 104

2-19-4 معلم..................................................................................................... 105

2-19-5 مهارت شنیدن........................................................................................ 106

2-19-6 مهارت سخن گفتن و آموزش زبان به صورت کاربردی............................. 109

2-19-7 مهارت خواندن و آموزش زبان بصورت کاربردی...................................... 112

2-19-8 مهارت نوشتن و آموزش زبان بصورت کابردی......................................... 113

2-20 پیشینه تحقیق در مورد رویکرد نقش گرایان و ساختار گرایان........................................ 115

فصل سوم: روش

3-1 مقدمه......................................................................................................................... 120

3-2 نوع تحقیق................................................................................................................. 120

3-3 روش تحقیق.............................................................................................................. 121

3-4 واحد تحلیل............................................................................................................... 123

3-5 جامع آماری............................................................................................................... 124

3-6 تعیین حجم نمونه........................................................................................................ 124

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل یافته ها در جدول

4-1 مقدمه......................................................................................................................... 126

4-2 تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها در جدول................................................................................. 126

4-3 طرح مسأله و طرح فرضیه های پژوهش و جمع بندی.................................................... 126

فصل پنجم: نتیجه گیری

5-1 مقدمه......................................................................................................................... 137

5-2 نتیجه......................................................................................................................... 137

5-3 پیشنهادات عملی........................................................................................................ 138

5-4 پیشنهادات علمی........................................................................................................ 139

منابع.................................................................................................................................. 140

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