پایان نامه بررسی اثر ملاتونین در زخم معده ناشی از اتانول در موش صحرایی کلستاتیک

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه بررسی اثر ملاتونین در زخم معده ناشی از اتانول در موش صحرایی کلستاتیک

فهرست:

خلاصه.............................................................................................................. 1    

فصل اول:.......................................................................................................... 2

           (1-1) اهمیت مسأله........................................................................... 3

           (2-1) بیان مسأله................................................................................ 4

           (3-1) اهمیت مسأله........................................................................... 5

فصل دوم: بررسی متون و مطالعات دیگران در این زمینه................................... 7

          (1-2) زخمهای پپتیک......................................................................... 8

          (2-2) اشکال غیر معمول اولسر پپتیک................................................ 8

          (3-2) اپیدمیولوژی.............................................................................. 9

          (4-2) اتیولوژی.................................................................................... 9

          (5-2) پاتوژنززخم معده و عوامل مهاجم............................................. 13

                  (1-5-2) اسید و پپسین............................................................. 13

                  (2-5-2) معیوب شدن سد مخاطی............................................ 13

         (6-2) برخی از عوامل دفاعی در مقابل زخم‌های معدی........................ 15

                 (1-6-2) ترشح موکوس و بی‌کربنات......................................... 15

                 (2-6-2) جریان خون موضعی................................................... 16

                 (3-6-2) پروستاگلندین‌های داخلی............................................ 17

                 (4-6-2) نیتریک اکساید............................................................ 18

       (7-2) روشهای ایجاد زخم معده تجربی.................................................. 19

                (1-7-2) زخم دارویی یا روش شیمیایی...................................... 19

                (2-7-2) روش فیزیکی............................................................... 19

       (8-2) روش‌های اندازه‌گیری زخم معده.................................................. 23

                (1-8-2) J.Score........................................................................ 23

                (2-8-2) محاسبه Ulcer index................................................... 23

                (3-8-2) تغییرات در گردش خون معده...................................... 24

       (9-2) کلستازیس.................................................................................... 25

       (10-2) سندروم کلستاز.......................................................................... 25

       (11-2) تظاهرات بالینی........................................................................... 25

       (12-2) تغییرات بیوشیمیایی................................................................... 26

       (13-2) ارتباط یرقان انسدادی با اولسر پپتیک......................................... 28

                 (1-13-2) تعریف بیماری اولسر پپتیک..................................... 28

                 (2-13-2) انواع اولسر پپتیک..................................................... 28

                 (3-13-2) تعریف یرقان............................................................ 28

                 (4-13-2) بررسی شیوع اولسر پپتیک در بیماران یرقانی........... 28

                 (5-13-2) سیروز....................................................................... 29

                 (6-13-2) تعریف واریس مری................................................. 29

                 (7-13-2) ظهور لیژن‌های موکوسی معدی روده‌ای در

                 سیروز کبدی................................................................................ 30

                 (8-13-2) سیروز صفراوی........................................................ 30

                 (9-13-2) سیروز صفراوی اولیه................................................ 31

        (14-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد........................................................................ 32

        (15-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد حاصل از متابولیسم o2................................... 33

        (16-2) الکل اتیلیک.............................................................................. 36

        (17-2) فارماکولوژی پایه‌ای اتانول......................................................... 36

                   (1-17-2) مسیر الکل دهیدروژناز........................................... 37

                (2-17-2) سیستم میکروزومی اکسید کننده اتانول (MEOS)...... 37

                (3-17-2) متابولیسم استالدئید.................................................... 38

      (18-2) اثر اتانول در GIT......................................................................... 38

      (19-2) الکل و رادیکال‌های آزادی که تولید می‌کند.................................. 40

      (20-2) ملاتونین...................................................................................... 45

               (1-20-2) منشأ ملاتونین در بدن................................................. 45

                (2-20-2) ساختمان شیمیایی و کریستالی ملاتونین.................... 46

                (3-20-2) اهمیت ملاتونین......................................................... 48

                (4-20-2) فارماکوکینتیک ملاتونین............................................ 52                                      

                (5-20-2) اثرات جانبی ملاتونین................................................ 54        

                (6-20-2) موارد منع مصرف ملاتونین........................................ 55        

                (7-20-2) آنتاگونیست ملاتونین................................................. 55          

                (8-20-2) تغییرات در ملاتونین با سن....................................... 56  

                (9-20-2) مکانیزیم عمل ضد رادیکال آزادی ملاتونین و اثر آن

                بر روی NO................................................................................... 57       

               (10-20-2) طرز تشکیل رادیکال‌های آزاد اسید چرب و مکانیسم عمل        

               ملاتونین در مقابل آنها.................................................................... 59  

               (11-20-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد در مغز و عمل ملاتونین در

               مقابل آن.......................................................................................... 60  

               (12-20-2) مکانیزم‌های ضد رادیکال‌ آزادی مغز......................... 61     

               (13-20-2) نقش ملاتونین.......................................................... 61  

               (14-20-2) اثر پیش‌گیری ملاتونین از تولید رادیکال آزاد به وسیله مصرف      

               مزمن اتانول در مغز، ریه، قلب، کبد و بیضه‌ها ............................... 62  

فصل سوم: روش کار......................................................................................... 64      

          (1-3) جامعه آماری............................................................................. 65         

          (2-3) فرد آماری................................................................................. 66        

          (3-3) نوع نمونه‌برداری و نوع مطالعه................................................. 67

          (4-3) محدودیت‌ها و مشکلات........................................................... 67

          (5-3) ملاحظات اخلاقی..................................................................... 68

فصل چهارم:...................................................................................................... 69

          (1-4) تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات........................................................... 70

          (2-4) روش‌های آنالیز آماری.............................................................. 70

          (3-4) ارائه جدول................................................................................ 71

          (4-4) نمودار و انجام آزمون آماری..................................................... 72

فصل پنجم:........................................................................................................ 75

          (1-5) بحث و نتیجه‌گیری................................................................... 76

خلاصه انگلیسی................................................................................................ 78

منابع.................................................................................................................. 79

 

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