پایان نامه بررسی اثر ملاتونین در زخم معده ناشی از اتانول در موش صحرایی کلستاتیک

فهرست و منابع پایان نامه بررسی اثر ملاتونین در زخم معده ناشی از اتانول در موش صحرایی کلستاتیک

فهرست:

خلاصه.............................................................................................................. 1     

فصل اول:.......................................................................................................... 2

           (1-1) اهمیت مسأله............................................................................ 3

           (2-1) بیان مسأله................................................................................. 4

           (3-1) اهمیت مسأله............................................................................ 5

فصل دوم: بررسی متون و مطالعات دیگران در این زمینه................................... 7

          (1-2) زخمهای پپتیک.......................................................................... 8

          (2-2) اشکال غیر معمول اولسر پپتیک................................................. 8

          (3-2) اپیدمیولوژی............................................................................... 9

          (4-2) اتیولوژی..................................................................................... 9

          (5-2) پاتوژنززخم معده و عوامل مهاجم.............................................. 13

                  (1-5-2) اسید و پپسین.............................................................. 13

                  (2-5-2) معیوب شدن سد مخاطی............................................. 13

         (6-2) برخی از عوامل دفاعی در مقابل زخم‌های معدی......................... 15

                 (1-6-2) ترشح موکوس و بی‌کربنات.......................................... 15

                 (2-6-2) جریان خون موضعی..................................................... 16

                 (3-6-2) پروستاگلندین‌های داخلی.............................................. 17

                 (4-6-2) نیتریک اکساید.............................................................. 18

       (7-2) روشهای ایجاد زخم معده تجربی................................................... 19

                (1-7-2) زخم دارویی یا روش شیمیایی....................................... 19

                (2-7-2) روش فیزیکی................................................................. 19

       (8-2) روش‌های اندازه‌گیری زخم معده................................................... 23

                (1-8-2) J.Score......................................................................... 23

                (2-8-2) محاسبه Ulcer index..................................................... 23

                (3-8-2) تغییرات در گردش خون معده....................................... 24

       (9-2) کلستازیس..................................................................................... 25

       (10-2) سندروم کلستاز............................................................................ 25

       (11-2) تظاهرات بالینی............................................................................ 25

       (12-2) تغییرات بیوشیمیایی..................................................................... 26

       (13-2) ارتباط یرقان انسدادی با اولسر پپتیک.......................................... 28

                 (1-13-2) تعریف بیماری اولسر پپتیک....................................... 28

                 (2-13-2) انواع اولسر پپتیک....................................................... 28

                 (3-13-2) تعریف یرقان.............................................................. 28

                 (4-13-2) بررسی شیوع اولسر پپتیک در بیماران یرقانی............. 28

                 (5-13-2) سیروز......................................................................... 29

                 (6-13-2) تعریف واریس مری................................................... 29

                 (7-13-2) ظهور لیژن‌های موکوسی معدی روده‌ای در

                 سیروز کبدی................................................................................ 30

                 (8-13-2) سیروز صفراوی.......................................................... 30

                 (9-13-2) سیروز صفراوی اولیه.................................................. 31

        (14-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد......................................................................... 32

        (15-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد حاصل از متابولیسم o2..................................... 33

        (16-2) الکل اتیلیک................................................................................ 36

        (17-2) فارماکولوژی پایه‌ای اتانول.......................................................... 36

                   (1-17-2) مسیر الکل دهیدروژناز............................................. 37

                (2-17-2) سیستم میکروزومی اکسید کننده اتانول (MEOS)........ 37

                (3-17-2) متابولیسم استالدئید...................................................... 38

      (18-2) اثر اتانول در GIT.......................................................................... 38

      (19-2) الکل و رادیکال‌های آزادی که تولید می‌کند................................... 40

      (20-2) ملاتونین....................................................................................... 45

               (1-20-2) منشأ ملاتونین در بدن................................................... 45

                (2-20-2) ساختمان شیمیایی و کریستالی ملاتونین...................... 46

                (3-20-2) اهمیت ملاتونین........................................................... 48

                (4-20-2) فارماکوکینتیک ملاتونین.............................................. 52                                      

                (5-20-2) اثرات جانبی ملاتونین.................................................. 54         

                (6-20-2) موارد منع مصرف ملاتونین.......................................... 55         

                (7-20-2) آنتاگونیست ملاتونین................................................... 55           

                (8-20-2) تغییرات در ملاتونین با سن......................................... 56   

                (9-20-2) مکانیزیم عمل ضد رادیکال آزادی ملاتونین و اثر آن

                بر روی NO................................................................................... 57        

               (10-20-2) طرز تشکیل رادیکال‌های آزاد اسید چرب و مکانیسم عمل        

               ملاتونین در مقابل آنها.................................................................... 59   

               (11-20-2) رادیکال‌های آزاد در مغز و عمل ملاتونین در

               مقابل آن.......................................................................................... 60   

               (12-20-2) مکانیزم‌های ضد رادیکال‌ آزادی مغز........................... 61      

               (13-20-2) نقش ملاتونین............................................................ 61   

               (14-20-2) اثر پیش‌گیری ملاتونین از تولید رادیکال آزاد به وسیله مصرف      

               مزمن اتانول در مغز، ریه، قلب، کبد و بیضه‌ها ............................... 62   

فصل سوم: روش کار......................................................................................... 64       

          (1-3) جامعه آماری.............................................................................. 65          

          (2-3) فرد آماری.................................................................................. 66         

          (3-3) نوع نمونه‌برداری و نوع مطالعه.................................................. 67

          (4-3) محدودیت‌ها و مشکلات............................................................ 67

          (5-3) ملاحظات اخلاقی...................................................................... 68

فصل چهارم:...................................................................................................... 69

          (1-4) تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات............................................................ 70

          (2-4) روش‌های آنالیز آماری............................................................... 70

          (3-4) ارائه جدول................................................................................. 71

          (4-4) نمودار و انجام آزمون آماری...................................................... 72

فصل پنجم:........................................................................................................ 75

          (1-5) بحث و نتیجه‌گیری.................................................................... 76

خلاصه انگلیسی................................................................................................ 78

منابع.................................................................................................................. 79

 

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