فهرست و منابع پایان نامه بررسی عفونت ریوی مایکوپلاسمایی ناشی از مایکوپلاسما مایکوئیدس واریته مایکوئیدس و مایکوپلاسما کاپری کولوم واریته کاپری کولوم در گوساله‌ها و بزهای کشتارشده به روش PCR
فهرست:
الف- مقدمه 1
ب-چکیده 3
فصل اول:کلیات ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1- تاریخچه ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2- خصوصیات کلی مایکوپلاسما............................................................................................................................. 6
3- مقاومت مایکوپلاسماها........................................................................................................................................ 8
4- طبقه بندی مایکوپلاسماها.................................................................................................................................. 9
5- طبقه بندی کلاستر مایکوئیدس......................................................................................................................... 12
6- فیلوژنی ................................................................................................................................................................ 14
7- ساختمان ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
1-7-ساختمان مایکوپلاسما مایکوئیدس .................................................................................................................. 15
2-7- ساختمان مایکوپلاسما کاپری کولوم ......................................................................................................... 17
8- بیولوژی مولکولی................................................................................................................................................ 19
- توالی‌های تکراری.................................................................................................................................................... 23
10- پروتئینهای سطحی............................................................................................................................................ 25
11- فاکتور حدت.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
12- آنالیز پروتئین ................................................................................................................................................. 32
13- طبقه بندی سویه‌ها ........................................................................................................................................... 34
14- مشخصات گونه مایکوئیدس........................................................................................................................... 35
15- کشت و رشد گونه مایکوئیدس ..................................................................................................................... 38
16- کشت و رشد گونه کاپری کولوم ................................................................................................................... 41
1-16- محیط Thiacourt ..................................................................................................................................... 41
17- بیماری پلوروپنومونی واگیر گاوان.............................................................................................................. 44
1-17- علائم بالینی .................................................................................................................................................. 45
2-17- علائم کالبدگشایی بیماری ......................................................................................................................... 47
3-17- پاتوژنز ........................................................................................................................................................... 50
1-3-17- مکانیسمهای مقابله با دستگاه ایمنی.................................................................................................. 53
4-17- اختصاصیت میزبان...................................................................................................................................... 57
5-17- انتقال بیماری ............................................................................................................................................... 58
6-17- سیر
همه گیری 59
1-6-17- مخزن............................................................................................................................................................ 59
2-6-17- راه انتقال..................................................................................................................................................... 59
7-17- پیشگیری و کنترل........................................................................................................................................ 60
1-7-17- اقدامات لازم برای حفاظت مناطق عاری از بیماری............................................................................ 61
2-7-17- اقدامات لازم هنگام شیوع بیماری......................................................................................................... 62
3-7-17- اقدامات لازم در مناطق آلوده بومی...................................................................................................... 63
18- بیماری پلوروپنومونی واگیر بزان .............................................................................................................. 63
1-18- علائم بالینی .................................................................................................................................................. 64
2-18- علائم کالبد گشایی........................................................................................................................................ 66
19- گونه مایکوپلاسما کاپریکولوم کاپریکولوم................................................................................................ 69
1-19- سندروم MASKePs................................................................................................................................... 70
2-19- علائم بالینی.................................................................................................................................................... 71
3-19- علائم کالبد گشایی........................................................................................................................................ 71
4-19- سندروم آگالاکتیه واگیر.............................................................................................................................. 73
20- گونه مایکوپلاسما کاپری ................................................................................................................................ 73
1-20- بیماریزایی ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
2-20- علائم کالبد گشایی........................................................................................................................................ 74
21- سیر همه‌گیری................................................................................................................................................. 75
1-21-مخزن ............................................................................................................................................................ 75
2-21-راه انتقال....................................................................................................................................................... 76
3-21-جمعیت میزبان............................................................................................................................................. 77
22-پیشگیری وکنترل ........................................................................................................................................... 77
1-22- اقدامات لازم برای محافظت مناطق عاری از بیماری........................................................................... 77
2-22- اقدامات لازم هنگام شیوع بیماری.......................................................................................................... 78
3-22- اقدامات لازم در مناطق آلوده بومی....................................................................................................... 78
23-واکسن ............................................................................................................................................................ 79
1-23-واکسن MmmLC .................................................................................................................................... 79
2-23-واکسن Mccp ............................................................................................................................................ 79
3-23-واکسن Mcc .............................................................................................................................................. 79 79-اختصاصیت میزبان در کلاستر مایکوئیدس .................. ..................................................................................................... 80
25-تشخیص افتراقی.............................................................................................................................................. 80
1-25-شناسایی عامل بیماری زا ....................................................................................................................... ........ 81
1-1-25-بررسی میکروسکوپیک اگزودای ریه از طریق تهیه اسمیر یا برش بافتی............................. 81
2-25- تشخیص آزمایشگاهی ............................................................................................................................ 81
1-2-25- روش کشت و جداسازی...................................................................................................................... 81
1-1-2-25- انتخاب نمونه ها ...................................................................................................................................... 82
2-1-2-25- آماده سازی نمونه ها .................................................................................................................... 82
3-25- تستهای بیوشیمی..................................................................................................................................... 83
4-25- روشهای سرولوژی................................................................................................................................... 85
1-4-25- عوامل موثر در آزمایشات سرولوژی ...................................................................................................... 85
2-4-25- تست مهاری رشد ......................................................................................................................................... 87
3-4-25- تست ایمونو فلورسانس ............................................................................................................................ 88
4-4-25- تست رسوب ژلی.................................................................................................................................. ........ 88
5-4-25- تست فیکساسیون کامپلمان ....................................................................................................................... 89
6-4-25- تست ممانعت از هماگلوتیناسیون ........................................................................................................... 89
7-4-25- تست آگلوتیناسیون لاتکس.............................................................................................................. 90
8-4-25- تست الیزای رقابتی.............................................................................................................................. 91
9-4-25- سایر تستهای تشخیصی.................................................................................................................... 94
5-25 - مشکلات روشهای سنتی......................................................................................................................... 94
6-25- تشخیص با استفاده از PCR................................................................................................................. 95
فصل دوم: روش کار
26- روش کار ......................................................................................................................................................... 101
1-26- جمع آوری نمونه ............................................................................................................................................... 101
1-1-26- مواد لازم........................................................................................................................................................... 101
2-1-26- بخش جمع آوری نمونه...................................................................................................................... 101
3-1-26- نمونه برداری ....................................................................................................................................... 103
2-26- کشت و جداسازی نمونه ها..................................................................................................................... 104
1-2-26- مواد لازم ................................................................................................................................................ 104
2-2-26- طرز تهیه محیط کشت اختصاصی برای جداسازی مایکوپلاسمای نشخوار کنندگان ................. 106
1-2-2-26- مواد لازم ........................................................................................................................................... 106
2-2-2-26- روش تهیه محیط کشت........................................................................................................................... 107
3-26- استخراج DNA مایکوپلاسما................................................................................................................. 109
1-3-26- روش استخراج DNA از نمونه های ارسالی......................................................................................... 109
4-26- فرایند PCR .............................................................................................................................................. 110
1-4-26- مواد لازم ................................................................................................................................................ 110
2-4-26- آماده سازی مواد جهت واکنش PCR ..................................................................................................... 112
1-2-4-26- افزوده سازی DNA نمونه‌ها ..................................................................................................... 112
2-2-4-26- افزوده سازی DNA کلونیهای جدا شده................................................................................... 115
3-2-4-26- تهیه مخلوط اصلی اولیه............................................................................................................... 115
3-4-26- پرایمرها.................................................................................................................................................. 115
4-26- واکنش PCR............................................................................................................................................. 117
5-26- تهیه ژل الکتروفورز ................................................................................................................................. 118
1-5-26- طرز تهیه محلول اتیدیوم برماید ............................................................................................................... 119
6-26- الکتروفورز .......................................................................................................................................................... 121
7-26- رویت باندهای ایجاد شده ....................................................................................................................... 122
فصل سوم: نتایج
27- نتایج ............................................................................................................................................................ 124
1-27- جداسازی...................................................................................................................................................... 124
1-1-27- بررسی عملکرد محیط کشت.............................................................................................................. 124
2-1-27- نتایج کشت نمونه های ارسالی ...................................................................................................... 124
1-2-1-27- نتایج روز پنجم ............................................................................................................................ 125
2-2-1-27- نتایج روزهفتم تا دهم.................................................................................................................... 125
3-2-1-27- نتایج روزپانزدهم........................................................................................................................... 126
2-27- نتایج PCR ..................................................................................................................................................... 126
1-2-27- نتایج PCR نمونه ها با پرایمر جنس ........................................................................................ 126
2-2-27- تائید کلونی های جدا شده.................................................................................................................. 127
3-2-27- نتایج PCR نمونه ها با پرایمر کلاستر مایکوئیدس............................................................... 127
4-2-27- نتایج PCR نمونه ها با پرایمر گونه آگالاکتیه......................................................................... 128
5-2-27- نتایج PCR نمونه ها با پرایمر گونه مایکوئیدس کلونی بزرگ.......................................... ........ 129
3-27- نتایج کالبد گشایی................................................................................................................................... 130
1-3-27- معیار انتخاب ........................................................................................................................................ 130
فهرست
عنوان صفحه
فصل چهارم: بررسی نتایج
نمودارها ............................................................................................................................................................ 131
فصل پنجم: بحث
28- بحث ............................................................................................................................................................ 139
1-28- ضایعات کالبد گشایی........................................................................................................................................ 139
2-28- میزان وقوع عفونت تنفسی مایکوپلاسما ........................................................................................... 141
3-28- روش کشت.................................................................................................................................................. 142
4-28- روش PCR ............................................................................................................................................ 147
5-28- فراوانی گونه ها ........................................................................................................................................ 152
29- خلاصه انگلیسی............................................................................................................................................. 159
30- منابع ............................................................................................................................................................ 160
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